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Inspired by the , he founded a similar and planned to claim as a colony, but the company only managed to acquire on India's. Retrieved 31 May 2014.\
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Det er tid til leg! Denmark faced war against both and in what became known as the , lasting from February to October 1864. After these events, Denmark pursued a policy of neutrality in Europe. Retrieved 10 October 2009.\
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The southernmost of the nations, it is south-west of and south of , and bordered to the south by. The Kingdom of Denmark also comprises in the : the and. Denmark proper consists of a peninsula, , and an of , with the largest being , and the. The islands are characterised by flat, and sandy coasts, low elevation and a climate. Denmark has a total area of 42,924 16,573 sq mi , land area of 42,394 16,368 sq mi , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km 2 853,509 sq mi , and a population of 5,781,190 as of 2018. The emerged in the 10th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for. Denmark, Sweden and Norway were ruled together under the , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523. Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814. The union with Norway made it possible for Denmark to inherit the Faroe Islands, Greenland and. Beginning in the 17th century, there were several of territory to Sweden. In the 19th century there was a surge of , which were defeated in the 1864. Denmark remained neutral during. In April 1940, a saw brief skirmishes while the was active from 1943 until the in May 1945. An industrialised exporter of agricultural produce in the second half of the 19th century, Denmark introduced in the early 20th century that created the basis for the present with a highly developed. The was signed on 5 June 1849, ending the , which had begun in 1660. It establishes a organised as a democracy. The and are seated in , the nation's , and main commercial centre. Denmark exercises influence in the , powers to handle internal affairs. Denmark became a member of the now the in 1973, maintaining ; it retains its own currency, the. It is among the founding members of , the , the , , and the ; it is also part of the. Denmark is considered to be one of the most economically and socially developed countries in the world. Danes enjoy a high and the country ranks highly in some metrics of national performance, including , , protection of , , and. The country ranks as having the world's highest , a high level of , is the country with , the , has one of the world's , and one of the world's. Main article: The etymology of the word Denmark, and especially the relationship between Danes and Denmark and the unifying of Denmark as a single kingdom, is a subject which attracts debate. The -mark is believed to mean or see , with probable references to the border forests in south. The first recorded use of the word Danmark within Denmark itself is found on the two , which are believed to have been erected by c. The gilded side of the dating from the Nordic Bronze Age The earliest date back to the from 130,000—110,000. Denmark has been inhabited since around 12,500 BC and agriculture has been evident since 3900 BC. The 1800—600 BC in Denmark was marked by , which left an abundance of findings including and the. During the 500 BC — AD 1 , native groups began migrating south, and the first tribal came to the country between the Pre-Roman and the , in the AD 1—400. The maintained and relations with native tribes in Denmark, and have been found in Denmark. Evidence of strong cultural influence dates from this period in Denmark and much of North-West Europe and is among other things reflected in the finding of the. The tribal Danes came from the east and and spoke an early form of. Historians believe that before their arrival, most of and the nearest islands were settled by tribal. The Jutes migrated to eventually, some as mercenaries by King , and were granted the south-eastern territories of , the and other areas, where they settled. They were later absorbed or by the invading and , who formed the. The remaining population in Jutland assimilated in with the settling. The defence structures were built in phases from the 3rd century forward and the sheer size of the construction efforts in AD 737 are attributed to the emergence of a Danish king. A was first used around the same time and , the oldest town of Denmark, was founded about AD 700. Viking and Middle Ages The , the largest ship burial found in Denmark From the 8th to the 10th century the wider region was the source of. They colonised, raided, and traded in all parts of Europe. The Danish Vikings were most active in the eastern and southern and. They conquered and settled parts of known as the under King in 1013, and where Danes and Norwegians founded with as head of state. More of this period have been found in Denmark than in England. Larger of the two Jelling stones, raised by Denmark was largely consolidated by the late 8th century and its rulers are consistently referred to in sources as kings reges. Under the reign of in 804 the Danish kingdom may have included all the of Jutland, and the Danish islands, excluding Bornholm. The extant Danish monarchy traces its roots back to , who established his reign in the early 10th century. As attested by the , the Danes were around 965 by , the son of. It is believed that Denmark became Christian for political reasons so as not to get invaded by the rising in Europe, the , which was an important trading area for the Danes. In that case, Harald built six around Denmark called and built a further. In the early 11th century, won and united Denmark, England, and for almost 30 years with a Scandinavian army. Throughout the and , Denmark also included the areas of Scania, , and in present-day south Sweden and Danish kings ruled , as well as the of and. Most of the latter two now form the state of in northern Germany. In 1397, Denmark entered into a with and , united under Queen. The three countries were to be treated as equals in the union. Thus, much of the next 125 years of revolves around this union, with Sweden breaking off and being re-conquered repeatedly. The issue was for practical purposes resolved on 17 June 1523, as conquered the city of. The spread to Scandinavia in the 1530s, and following the civil war, to in 1536. Later that year, Denmark entered into a union with Norway. The during the Scanian War, between an allied - fleet and the Swedish navy, 1 June 1676 After Sweden permanently from the personal union, Denmark tried on several occasions to reassert control over its neighbour. King attacked Sweden in the 1611—1613 but failed to accomplish his main objective of forcing it to return to the union. The war led to no territorial changes, but Sweden was forced to pay a of 1 million to Denmark, an amount known as the. King Christian used this money to found several towns and fortresses, most notably founded as a rival to and. Inspired by the , he founded a similar and planned to claim as a colony, but the company only managed to acquire on India's. Denmark's large colonial aspirations were limited to a few key in and. The empire was sustained by trade with other major powers, and — ultimately a lack of resources led to its stagnation. In the , Christian tried to become the leader of the states in Germany but suffered a crushing defeat at the. The result was that the Catholic army under was able to invade, occupy, and pillage Jutland, forcing Denmark. Denmark managed to avoid territorial concessions, but King ' intervention in Germany was seen as a sign that the military power of Sweden was on the rise while Denmark's influence in the region was declining. In 1643, Swedish armies and claimed Scania in 1644. In the union, Denmark was the dominant partner, and eventually gained rule over and Norwegian dependencies , and. In the 1645 , Denmark surrendered Halland, , the last parts of Danish Estonia, and several provinces in Norway. In 1657, King declared war on Sweden and marched on. This led to a massive Danish defeat and the armies of King of Sweden conquered both , , and much of before signing the in February 1658, which gave Sweden control of Scania, , , and the island of. Charles X Gustav quickly regretted not having wrecked Denmark and in August 1658, he began a two-year-long siege of but failed to take the capital. In the following peace settlement, Denmark managed to maintain its independence and regain control of Trøndelag and Bornholm. Denmark tried to regain control of Scania in the 1675—1679 but it ended in failure. After the 1700—21 , Denmark managed to restore control of the parts of and ruled by the house of in the 1720 and the 1773 , respectively. Denmark prospered greatly in the last decades of the 18th century due to its allowing it to trade with both sides in the many contemporary wars. In the , Denmark traded with both and the and joined the with , Sweden, and. The British considered this a hostile act and attacked Copenhagen in and , in one case carrying off the , in the other, burning large parts of the Danish capital. This led to the so-called Danish-British. British control of the waterways between Denmark and Norway proved disastrous to the union's economy and in 1813 Denmark—Norway went. Denmark kept the possessions of which retained the Danish monarchy until 1944 , the and , all of which had been governed by Norway for centuries. Apart from the Nordic colonies, Denmark continued to rule over from 1620 to 1869, the Ghana from 1658 to 1850, and the from 1671 to 1917. Constitutional monarchy 1849—present The National Constitutional Assembly was convened by King in 1848 to adopt the. A nascent Danish liberal and national movement gained momentum in the 1830s; after the European , Denmark peacefully became a on 5 June 1849. A new constitution established a. Denmark faced war against both and in what became known as the , lasting from February to October 1864. Denmark was defeated and obliged to to. This loss came as the latest in the long series of defeats and territorial loss that had begun in the 17th century. After these events, Denmark pursued a policy of neutrality in Europe. The were constructed in the 1850s, and improved communications and overseas trade allowed industry to develop in spite of Denmark's lack of natural resources. There was a considerable migration of people from the countryside to the cities, and Danish agriculture became centred on the export of dairy and meat products. Denmark maintained its neutral stance during. After the defeat of Germany, the offered to return the region of Schleswig-Holstein to Denmark. Fearing German , Denmark refused to consider the return of the area without a ; the two took place on 10 February and 14 March 1920, respectively. On 10 July 1920, Northern Schleswig was recovered by Denmark, thereby adding some 163,600 inhabitants and 3,984 square kilometres 1,538 sq mi. In 1939 Denmark signed a 10-year non-aggression pact with but on 9 April 1940 and the Danish government quickly surrendered. The performed a that managed to evacuate several thousand and their families to safety in Sweden before the Germans could send them to death camps. Some Danes supported by joining the or volunteering to fight with Germany as part of the. Iceland severed ties to Denmark and in 1944; in May 1945; in 1948, the Faroe Islands gained ; in 1949, Denmark became a founding member of. Denmark became a member of the European Union in 1973 and signed the in 2007. Denmark was a founding member of EFTA. During the 1960s, the EFTA countries were often referred to as the , as opposed to the of what was then the EEC. In 1973, along with Britain and Ireland, Denmark joined the European Economic Community now the after a. The , which involved further European integration, by the Danish people in 1992; it was only accepted after a in 1993, which provided for from policies. The Danes rejected the euro as the national currency in. Greenland gained home rule in 1979 and was awarded in 2009. Neither the nor are members of the European Union, the Faroese having declined membership of the EEC in 1973 and Greenland in 1986, in both cases because of fisheries policies. Constitutional change in 1953 led to a parliament elected by proportional representation, female accession to the Danish throne, and Greenland becoming an integral part of Denmark. The led a string of coalition governments for most of the second half of the 20th century, introducing the. The and the have also led governments. In recent years the has emerged as a major party—becoming the second-largest following the —during which time immigration and integration have become major issues of public debate. A satellite image of Jutland and the Danish islands Located in , Denmark consists of the peninsula of and 1,419 islands above 100 square metres 1,100 sq ft in total. Of these, 74 are inhabited January 2015 , with the largest being , the , and. The island of is located east of the rest of the country, in the. Many of the larger islands are connected by bridges; the connects Zealand with Sweden; the connects Funen with Zealand; and the connects Jutland with Funen. The four are the capital on Zealand; and in Jutland; and on Funen. A map showing , islands and connecting bridges The country occupies a total area of 42,924 16,573 sq mi The area of inland water is 700 km 2 270 sq mi , variously stated as from 500 — 700 km 2 193—270 sq mi. Lake northwest of Copenhagen is the largest lake. The size of the land area cannot be stated exactly since the ocean constantly erodes and adds material to the coastline, and because of human projects to counter erosion. A circle enclosing the same area as Denmark would be 234 kilometres 145 miles in with a of 742 km 461 mi. It shares a border of 68 kilometres 42 mi with to the south and is otherwise surrounded by 8,750 km 5,437 mi of tidal including small and. No location in Denmark is farther from the coast than 52 km 32 mi. On the south-west coast of Jutland, the tide is between 1 and 2 m 3. Denmark's territorial waters total 105,000 square kilometres 40,541 square miles. This is in the archipelago 18 kilometres 11 mi north-east of Bornholm. The distance from east to west is 452 kilometres 281 mi , from north to south 368 kilometres 229 mi. The highest natural point is , at 170. A sizeable portion of Denmark's consists of rolling whilst the coastline is sandy, with large in northern Jutland. Although once extensively forested, today Denmark largely consists of. It is drained by a , and the most significant include the , , , and —a river that flows along its southern border with Germany. The Kingdom of Denmark includes two overseas territories, both well to the west of Denmark: Greenland, the , and the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic Ocean. These territories are self-governing and form part of the. Climate Denmark has a climate, characterised by mild winters, with mean temperatures in January of 1. The most extreme temperatures recorded in Denmark, since 1874 when recordings began, was 36. Denmark has an average of 179 days per year with precipitation, on average receiving a total of 765 millimetres 30 in per year; autumn is the wettest season and spring the driest. The position between a continent and an ocean means that weather often changes. Because of Denmark's northern location, there are large seasonal variations in daylight. There are short days during the winter with sunrise coming around 8:45 am and sunset 3:45 pm standard time , as well as long summer days with sunrise at 4:30 am and sunset at 10 pm. Climate data for Denmark 2001—2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C °F 3. Almost all of Denmark's have been destroyed or fragmented, chiefly for agricultural purposes during the last millennia. The deforestation has created large swaths of and devastating. In spite of this, there are several larger in the country and, in total, 12. Denmark is also home to smaller mammals, such as , and. Approximately 400 bird species inhabit Denmark and about 160 of those breed in the country. Large marine mammals include healthy populations of , growing numbers of and occasional visits of large whales, including and. Environment Land and water pollution are two of Denmark's most significant , although much of the country's household and industrial waste is now increasingly filtered and sometimes recycled. The country has historically taken a progressive stance on ; in 1971 Denmark established a and was the first country in the world to implement an in 1973. To mitigate environmental degradation and the Danish Government has signed the. However, the national is 8. Contributing factors to this value are an exceptional high value for cropland but also a relatively high value for grazing land, which may be explained by the substantially high meat production in Denmark 115. In December 2014, the for 2015 placed Denmark at the top of the table, explaining that although emissions are still quite high, the country was able to implement effective climate protection policies. Denmark has an outstanding performance in the global EPI with an overall ranking of 4 out of 180 countries in 2016. This recent and significant increase in ranking and performance is mostly due to remarkable achievements in and reductions in levels. A future implementation of improvements are expected. The EPI was established in 2001 by the as a global gauge to measure how well individual countries perform in implementing the United Nations'. The environmental areas where Denmark performs best i. The latter are due to the many protection laws and protected areas of significance within the country even though the EPI is not considering how well these laws and regulations are affecting the current biodiversity and habitats in reality; one of many weaknesses in the EPI. Denmark performs worst i. The very poor ranking in the fisheries area are due to alarmingly low and continually rapidly declining fish stocks, placing Denmark among the worst performing countries of the world. Denmark's territories, Greenland and the Faroe Islands, kill approximately 650 whales per year. Denmark, with a total area of 43,094 16,639 sq mi , is divided into five administrative regions : regioner. The regions are further subdivided into kommuner. The easternmost land in Denmark, the archipelago, with an area of 39 hectares 0. The regions were created on 1 January 2007 to replace the 16. At the same time, smaller municipalities were merged into larger units, reducing the number from 270. Most municipalities have a population of at least 20,000 to give them financial and professional sustainability, although a few exceptions were made to this rule. The administrative divisions are led by directly elected councils, elected proportionally every four years; the most recent were held on 19 November 2013. Other regional structures use the municipal boundaries as a layout, including the , the and the. Regions The governing bodies of the regions are the , each with forty-one councillors elected for four-year terms. The councils are headed by regional district chairmen regionsrådsformanden , who are elected by the council. The areas of responsibility for the regional councils are the , and. Unlike the counties they replaced, the regions are not allowed to levy taxes and the health service is partly financed by a national health care contribution until 2018 sundhedsbidrag , partly by funds from both government and municipalities. From 1 January 2019 this contribution will be abolished, as it is being replaced by higher income tax instead. The and populations of the regions vary widely; for example, the , which encompasses the with the exception of the subtracted province East Zeeland but includes the island of , has a population three times larger than that of , which covers the more sparsely populated area of northern Jutland. Under the county system certain densely populated municipalities, such as and , had been given a status equivalent to that of counties, making them first-level administrative divisions. These municipalities were incorporated into the new regions under the 2007 reforms. They have been integrated parts of the Danish Realm since the 18th century; however, due to their separate historical and cultural identities, these parts of the Realm have extensive political powers and have assumed and administrative responsibility in a substantial number of fields. Greenland and the Faroe Islands have their own home governments and parliaments and are effectively in regards to domestic affairs. Rigsombudsmand act as representatives of the Danish government in the Faroese and in the , but they cannot vote. The Faroese home government is defined to be an equal partner with the Danish national government, while the are defined as a separate people with the right to. Country 2015 Total area Premier Kalaallit Nunaat 56,114 2,166,086 km 2 836,330 sq mi Føroyar 49,079 1,399 km 2 540. First written in 1849, it establishes a sovereign state in the form of a , with a representative. The monarch officially retains and presides over the. In practice, the duties of the Monarch are strictly representative and , such as the formal appointment and dismissal of the and other Government ministers. The Monarch is not answerable for his or her actions, and their is. Government Main articles: and The Danish Parliament is unicameral and called the Folketing : Folketinget. It is the of the Kingdom of Denmark, passing that apply in Denmark and, variably, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The Folketing is also responsible for adopting the , approving the state's accounts, appointing and exercising control of the Government, and taking part in international co-operation. All bills passed must be presented before the Council of State to receive within thirty days in order to become law. Denmark is a with. Membership of the Folketing is based on of political parties, with a 2% electoral threshold. Danes elect 175 members to the Folketing, with Greenland and the Faroe Islands electing an additional two members each—179 members in total. Parliamentary elections are held at least every four years, but it is within the powers of the Prime Minister to ask the Monarch to call for an election before the term has elapsed. On a , the Folketing may force a single minister or an entire government to resign. The Government of Denmark operates as a , where executive authority is exercised—formally, on behalf of the Monarch—by Prime Minister and other , who head. As the executive branch, the Cabinet is responsible for proposing bills and a budget, executing the laws, and guiding the foreign and internal policies of Denmark. The position of prime minister belongs to the person most likely to command the of a majority in the Folketing; this is usually the current leader of the largest or, more effectively, through a. A single party generally does not have sufficient political power in terms of the number of seats to form a cabinet on its own; Denmark has often been ruled by , themselves sometimes dependent on non-government parties. Following a , in June 2015 , leader of the Socialdemokraterne , resigned as Prime Minister. She was succeeded by , the leader of the Venstre. Rasmussen became the leader of that, unusually, consisted entirely of ministers from his own party. In the , created November 2016, there are several political parties represented. Law and judicial system See also: Denmark has a system with some references to. Denmark resembles Norway and Sweden in never having developed a like that of and the United States nor comprehensive like those of France and Germany. Much of its law is. The judicial system of Denmark is divided between courts with regular civil and jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration. Articles sixty-two and sixty-four of the Constitution ensure from government and Parliament by providing that judges shall only be guided by the law, including acts, statutes and practice. The Kingdom of Denmark does not have a single unified judicial system — Denmark has one system, Greenland another, and the Faroe Islands a third. However, decisions by the highest courts in Greenland and the Faroe Islands may be appealed to the Danish High Courts. The is the highest civil and criminal court responsible for the administration of justice in the Kingdom. Foreign relations Main article: Denmark wields considerable influence in Northern Europe and is a in international affairs. In recent years, Greenland and the Faroe Islands have been guaranteed a say in foreign policy issues such as fishing, , and geopolitical concerns. The foreign policy of Denmark is substantially influenced by of the EU ; Denmark joined the EEC , the EU's predecessor, in 1973. Denmark held the on seven occasions, most recently from January to June 2012. Following , Denmark ended its two-hundred-year-long policy of. It has been a founding member of the NATO since 1949, and membership remains highly popular. As a member of DAC , Denmark has for a long time been among the countries of the world contributing the largest percentage of gross national income to. In 2015, Denmark contributed 0. The country participates in both bilateral and multilateral aid, with the aid usually administered by the. The organisational name of DANIDA is often used, in particular when operating bilateral aid. Military Danish MP-soldiers conducting advanced law enforcement training Denmark's are known as the : Forsvaret. The Minister of Defence is of the Danish Defence, and serves as chief official abroad. During peacetime, the employs around 33,000 in total. The main military branches employ almost 27,000: 15,460 in the , 5,300 in the and 6,050 in the all including conscripts. Furthermore, around 55,000 serve as volunteers in the. Denmark is a long-time supporter of international , but since the in 1999 and the in 2001, Denmark has also found a new role as a warring nation, participating actively in several wars and invasions. This relatively new situation has stirred some internal critique, but the Danish population has generally been very supportive, in particular of the War in Afghanistan. The Danish Defence has around 1,400 staff in international missions, not including standing contributions to. Danish forces were heavily engaged in the former Yugoslavia in the UN Protection Force , with , and now. Between 2003 and 2007, there were approximately 450 Danish soldiers in. Denmark also strongly supported in and has contributed both monetarily and materially to the. Denmark has a that is classed as a by the. It ranks 18th in the world in terms of and 6th in. Denmark's economy stands out as one of the most free in the and the. It is the 13th most competitive economy in the world, and 8th in Europe, according to the in its Global Competitiveness Report 2014—2015. Denmark has the fourth highest ratio of holders in the world. The country ranks highest in the world for. The country has a market income inequality close to the average, but after public cash transfers the income inequality is. According to the , Denmark has. As Denmark has no minimum wage legislation, the high wage floor has been attributed to the power of. For example, as the result of a collective bargaining agreement between the and the employers group , workers at and other make the equivalent of 20 an hour, which is more than double what their counterparts earn in the United States, and have access to five weeks' paid vacation, and a pension plan. Union density in 2015 was 68%. Denmark is a leading producer of , and the largest exporter of pork products in the EU. Once a predominantly country on account of its landscape, since 1945 Denmark has greatly expanded its so that by 2006 industry contributed about 25% of GDP and agriculture less than 2%. Major industries include , , , , , and. Denmark is a net exporter of food and energy and has for a number of years had a surplus while battling an equivalent of approximately 39% of GNP or more than 300 billion. Denmark is a member of the. A liberalisation of import tariffs in 1797 marked the end of and further liberalisation in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century established the Danish liberal tradition in international trade that was only to be broken by the 1930s. Even when other countries, such as Germany and France, raised protection for their agricultural sector because of increased American competition resulting in much lower agricultural prices after 1870, Denmark retained its free trade policies, as the country profited from the cheap imports of cereals used as feedstuffs for their cattle and pigs and could increase their exports of butter and meat of which the prices were more stable. Today, Denmark is part of the 's , which represents more than 508 million consumers. Several domestic commercial policies are determined by agreements among European Union EU members and by EU legislation. Support for is high among the Danish public; in a 2007 poll 76% responded that globalisation is a good thing. As of 2014 , Denmark's largest export partners are Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Norway. Denmark's currency, the DKK , is at approximately 7. Although a rejected adopting the , the country follows the policies set forth in the and meets the economic needed to adopt the euro. The majority of the political parties in the Folketing support adopting the euro, but as yet a new referendum has not been held, despite plans; scepticism of the EU among Danish voters has historically been strong. Denmark is home to many multinational companies, among them: international shipping , dairy , toys , industrial services , beer , , and the pharmaceutical companies and. With an investment of 8. Denmark has a long tradition of scientific and technological invention and engagement, and has been involved internationally from the very start of the. In current times, Denmark is participating in many high-profile international science and technology projects, including , , , and. In the 20th century, Danes have also been innovative in several fields of the technology sector. Danish companies have been influential in the shipping industry with the design of the largest and most energy efficient container ships in the world, the , and Danish engineers have contributed to the design of engines. In the software and electronic field, Denmark contributed to design and manufacturing of , and the now-defunct Danish company was among the first to develop mobile phones. Danish engineers are world-leading in providing care equipment and medication products from Novo Nordisk and, since 2000, the Danish company , the world market leader in enzymes for first generation starch based bioethanol, has pioneered development of enzymes for converting waste to. Danish-born computer scientists and software engineers have taken leading roles in some of the world's programming languages: , , ; ; ; ; , a pioneer in virtual machines , ,. Physicist is the first person to stop light, leading to advances in , and. Public policy See also: and Danes enjoy a high standard of living and the Danish economy is characterised by extensive government. Like other Nordic countries, Denmark has adopted the , which combines capitalism with a comprehensive and strong. Employers can hire and fire whenever they want flexibility , and between jobs, compensation is very high security. Establishing a business can be done in a matter of hours and at very low costs. No restrictions apply regarding overtime work, which allows companies to operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Denmark has a competitive rate of 22% and a special time-limited tax regime for expatriates. The Danish taxation system is broad based, with a 25% , in addition to excise taxes, income taxes and other fees. The overall level of taxation sum of all taxes, as a percentage of GDP is estimated to be 46% in 2011. As of 2014 , 6% of the population was reported to live below the , when adjusted for taxes and transfers. Denmark has the 2nd lowest relative poverty rate in the , below the 11. The share of the population reporting that they feel that they cannot afford to buy sufficient food in Denmark is less than half of the OECD average. With an employment rate of 72. The number of unemployed people is forecast to be 65,000 in 2015. The number of people in the group, less disability pensioners etc. Because of the present high demand and short supply of skilled labour, for instance for factory and service jobs, including hospital nurses and physicians, the annual average have risen, especially compared with the 1987—1993. Increasingly, service workers of all kinds are in demand, i. The level of is dependent on former employment the maximum benefit is at 90% of the wage and at times also on membership of an unemployment fund, which is almost always—but need not be—administered by a trade union, and the previous payment of contributions. However, the largest share of the financing is still carried by the central government and is financed by general taxation, and only to a minor degree from earmarked contributions. There is no taxation, however, on proceeds gained from selling one's home provided there was any friværdi , as the marginal tax rate on capital income from housing savings is around 0%. Energy , an offshore wind farm near Copenhagen Denmark has considerably large deposits of oil and natural gas in the and ranks as number 32 in the world among net exporters of and was producing 259,980 barrels of crude oil a day in 2009. Denmark is a long-time leader in : In 2015 provided 42. Denmark is connected by to other European countries. On 6 September 2012, Denmark launched the biggest wind turbine in the world, and will add four more over the next four years. Denmark now aims to focus on intelligent battery systems and in the transport sector. The country is a member nation of the IRENA. Transport is the largest airport in Scandinavia and. Significant investment has been made in building road and rail links between regions in Denmark, most notably the , which connects and. It is now possible to drive from in northern to on eastern Zealand without leaving the motorway. The main railway operator is for passenger services and for freight trains. The railway tracks are maintained by. The North Sea and the Baltic Sea are intertwined by various, international ferry links. Construction of the , connecting Denmark and Germany with a second link, will start in 2015. Copenhagen has a system, the , and an extensive electrified suburban railway network, the. In the four largest cities — , , , — systems are planned to be in operation around 2020. With a network of bicycle routes extending more than 12,000 km and an estimated 7,000 km of , Denmark has a solid. Private vehicles are increasingly used as a means of transport. Because of the 150% , 25% , and one of the world's highest income tax rates, new cars are very expensive. The purpose of the tax is to discourage car ownership. In 2007, an attempt was made by the government to favour environmentally friendly cars by slightly reducing taxes on high mileage vehicles. However, this has had little effect, and in 2008 Denmark experienced an increase in the import of fuel inefficient old cars, as the cost for older cars—including taxes—keeps them within the budget of many Danes. As of 2011 , the average car age is 9. With Norway and Sweden, Denmark is part of the. Other notable airports are , , and. Descendant of an immigrant 2. The age is 41. The frequently ranks Denmark's population as the happiest in the world. This has been attributed to the country's highly regarded education and systems, and its low level of. Denmark is an historically nation. However, as with its Scandinavian neighbours, Denmark has recently transformed from a nation of , up until World War II, to a nation of net immigration. Today, consists particularly of and persons who arrive as family dependants. In addition, Denmark annually receives a number of citizens from , notably Nordic countries, the EU, and North America, who seek residency to work or study for a definite period of time. Recently, substantial numbers of workers—several tens of thousands—from the , especially Poland and the Baltic nations, have arrived to perform menial labour in construction, agriculture, consumer industries, and cleaning. Overall, the net migration rate in 2015 was 2. There are no official statistics on , but according to 2016 figures from Statistics Denmark, approximately 86. With the same definition, the most common countries of origin were , , , , , , , , , and states. Main article: is the de facto of Denmark. Danish and Faroese belong to the Nordic branch of the , along with , , and. There is a limited degree of. Danish is more distantly related to German, which is a language. A large majority 86% of Danes speak as a second language, generally with a high level of. German is the second-most spoken foreign language, with 47% reporting a conversational level of proficiency. Denmark had 25,900 of German in 2007 mostly in the South Jutland area. Religion Main article: is the dominant religion in Denmark. In January 2017, 75. This is down 1. Despite the high membership figures, only 3% of the population regularly attend Sunday services and only 19% of Danes consider religion to be an important part of their life. Church of Denmark year population members percentage 1990 5,135,409 4,584,450 89. In 1995 it became a. The states that a member of the must be a member of the Church of Denmark, though the rest of the population is free to adhere to other faiths. In 1682 the state granted limited recognition to three religious groups dissenting from the Established Church: , and , although conversion to these groups from the Church of Denmark remained illegal initially. Today, religious groups do not need official government recognition, they can be granted the right to perform weddings and other ceremonies without this recognition. The Danish Foreign Ministry estimates that other religious groups comprise less than 1% of the population individually and approximately 2% when taken all together. Another poll, carried out in 2009, found that 25% of Danes believe is the , and 18% believe he is the of the world. The in Copenhagen All educational programmes in Denmark are regulated by the and administered by local municipalities. Most children attend folkeskole for 10 years, from the ages of 6 to 16. There are no final examinations, but pupils can choose to go to a test when finishing 14—15 years old. The test is obligatory if further education is to be attended. Pupils can alternatively attend an friskole , or a private school privatskole , such as or. Following graduation from compulsory education, there are several continuing educational opportunities; the attaches importance in teaching a mix of humanities and science, focuses on scientific subjects and the emphasises on subjects in economics. For specific professions, there is , training young people for work in specific by a combination of teaching and. The government records upper secondary school completion rates of 95% and enrollment and completion rates of 60%. All and college tertiary education in Denmark is free of charges; there are no tuition fees to enrol in courses. Students aged 18 or above may apply for state educational support grants, known as SU , which provides fixed financial support, disbursed monthly. Danish universities offer international students a range of opportunities for obtaining an internationally recognised qualification in Denmark. Many programmes may be taught in the , the academic , in , , and. Health See also: As of 2015 , Denmark has a of 80. This 27th among 193 nations, behind the other. The National Institute of Public Health of the has calculated 19 major risk factors among Danes that contribute to a lowering of the life expectancy; this includes smoking, alcohol, and. Although the is lower than in North America and most other European countries, the large number of Danes becoming is an increasing problem and results in an annual additional consumption in the health care system of 1,625 million. In a 2012 study, Denmark had the highest of all countries listed by the ; researchers suggest the reasons are better reporting, but also lifestyle factors like heavy , and physical inactivity. Denmark has a , characterised by being publicly financed through taxes and, for most of the services, run directly by the regional authorities. One of the sources of income is a national health care contribution sundhedsbidrag 2007—11:8%; '12:7%; '13:6%; '14:5%; '15:4%; '16:3%; '17:2%; '18:1%; '19:0% but it is being phased out and will be gone from January 2019, with the income taxes in the lower brackets being raised gradually each year instead. Another source comes from the municipalities that had their income taxes raised by 3 percentage points from 1 January 2007, a contribution confiscated from the former county tax to be used from 1 January 2007 for health purposes by the municipalities instead. This means that most is free at the point of delivery for all residents. Additionally, roughly two in five have complementary to cover services not fully covered by the state, such as. As of 2012 , Denmark spends 11. This places Denmark above the average and above the other Nordic countries. Ghettos Denmark is the only country to officially use the word 'ghetto' in the 21st century to denote certain residential areas. Since 2010, the publishes the ghettolisten List of ghettos which in 2018 consists of 25 areas. As a result, the term is widely used in the media and common parlance. The legal designation is applied to areas based on the residents' income levels, employment status, education levels, criminal convictions and 'non-Western' ethnic background. The population proportion of 'ghetto residents' with non-Western background was 66. In 2018, the government has proposed measures to solve the issue of and to rid the country of ' and ghettos by 2030'. The measures focus on physical redevelopment, control over who is allowed to live in these areas, crime abatement and education. These policies have been criticized for undercutting 'equality before law' and for portraying immigrants, especially Muslim immigrants, in a bad light. While some proposals like restricting 'ghetto children' to their homes after 8 p. Statue of The astronomical discoveries of 1546—1601 , 's 1815—88 neglected articulation of the principle of , and the contributions to atomic physics of 1885—1962 indicate the range of Danish scientific achievement. The fairy tales of 1805—1875 , the philosophical essays of 1813—55 , the short stories of penname , 1885—1962 , the plays of 1684—1754 , and the dense, aphoristic poetry of 1905—96 , have earned international recognition, as have the symphonies of 1865—1931. From the mid-1990s, Danish films have attracted international attention, especially those associated with like those of. A major feature of Danish culture is Danish. The holiday is celebrated throughout December, starting either at the beginning of Advent or on 1 December with a variety of traditions, culminating with the Christmas Eve meal. There are five Danish heritage sites inscribed on the : , a Moravian Church Settlement, the , , , and. Media Main articles: and Danish date back to the 1540s, when handwritten fly sheets reported on the news. In 1666, , the father of Danish journalism, began a. In 1834, the first liberal, factual newspaper appeared, and the 1849 Constitution established lasting. Newspapers flourished in the second half of the 19th century, usually tied to one or another political party or trade union. Modernisation, bringing in new features and mechanical techniques, appeared after 1900. The total circulation was 500,000 daily in 1901, more than doubling to 1. The during World War II brought informal censorship; some offending newspaper buildings were simply blown up by the Nazis. During the war, the underground produced 550 newspapers—small, surreptitiously printed sheets that encouraged sabotage and resistance. Director , who co-created the Dogme film movement Danish cinema dates back to 1897 and since the 1980s has maintained a steady stream of product due largely to funding by the state-supported. There have been three big internationally important waves of Danish cinema: erotic melodrama of the ; the increasingly explicit sex films of the 1960s and 1970s; and lastly, the movement of the late 1990s, where directors often used hand-held cameras to dynamic effect in a conscious reaction against big-budget studios. Danish films have been noted for their realism, religious and moral themes, sexual frankness and technical innovation. The Danish filmmaker 1889—1968 is considered one of the greatest directors of. Other Danish filmmakers of note include , the creator of the popular films; , an -winner for in 1987; and , the -, - and -winner for in 1988. In the modern era, notable filmmakers in Denmark include , who co-created the Dogme movement, and multiple award-winners and. Another renowned Danish actor is internationally known for playing the role of in the HBO series. Danish mass media and news programming are dominated by a few large corporations. In printed media and , between them, control the largest newspapers , and and major tabloids and. DR in particular is famous for its high quality TV-series often sold to foreign broadcasters and often with leading female characters like internationally known actresses and. In radio, DR has a near monopoly, currently broadcasting on all four nationally available channels, competing only with local stations. Music A sample from 's with the theme from Min Jesus, lad mit hjerte få Copenhagen and its multiple outlying islands have a. The is among the world's oldest orchestras. Denmark's most famous classical composer is , especially remembered for his six symphonies and his , while the specialises in the work of the Danish choreographer. Danes have distinguished themselves as musicians, and the has acquired an international reputation. The modern and rock scene has produced a few names of note internationally, including , , , , , , , , , , and , among. Architecture and design in Copenhagen. An example of expressionist architecture. Denmark's architecture became firmly established in the when first , then churches and cathedrals sprang up throughout the country. From the 16th century, Dutch and Flemish designers were brought to Denmark, initially to improve the country's fortifications, but increasingly to build magnificent royal castles and palaces in the style. During the 17th century, many impressive buildings were built in the style, both in the capital and the provinces. A productive period of ultimately merged into the 19th-century. The 20th century brought along new architectural styles; including , best exemplified by the designs of architect , which relied heavily on Scandinavian brick Gothic traditions; and , which enjoyed brief popularity in the early decades of the century. It was in the 1960s that Danish architects such as entered the world scene with their highly successful. This, in turn, has evolved into more recent world-class masterpieces including 's and 's de la Défense in Paris, paving the way for a number of contemporary Danish designers such as to be rewarded for excellence both at home and abroad. Danish design is a term often used to describe a style of design and architecture that was developed in the mid-20th century, originating in Denmark. Danish design is typically applied to industrial design, furniture and household objects, which have won many international awards. The is famous for the quality of its ceramics and export products worldwide. Danish design is also a well-known brand, often associated with world-famous, 20th-century designers and architects such as , , , , and. Other designers of note include 1923—2003 in the area of industrial design, 1919—2008 for kitchen furniture and implements and 1903—1985 who had a classical approach to furniture design. Literature and philosophy A portrait of 1836 , by The first known Danish literature is myths and from the 10th and 11th century. Very little is known of other Danish literature from the. With the came whose comedy plays are still being performed. In the late 19th century, literature was seen as a way to influence society. Known as the , this movement was championed by , awarded the and. In recent history was also awarded the. Other Danish writers of importance are , , , , , , , , , and. Danish philosophy has a long tradition as part of. Perhaps the most influential Danish philosopher was , the creator of. Kierkegaard had a few Danish followers, including , who later in his life moved on to join the movement of. Among Kierkegaard's other followers include who was impressed with Kierkegaard's views on the individual, and , who helped create. Another Danish philosopher of note is , whose philosophy gave rise to a new form of non-aggressive nationalism in Denmark, and who is also influential for his theological and historical works. Painting and photography Woman in front of a Mirror, 1841 , by While Danish art was influenced over the centuries by trends in Germany and the Netherlands, the 15th- and 16th-century , which can be seen in many of the country's older churches, are of particular interest as they were painted in a style typical of native Danish painters. The , which began in the first half of the 19th century, was inspired by a new feeling of nationalism and romanticism, typified in the later previous century by. In 1871, and visited in the far north of where they quickly built up one of Scandinavia's most successful specialising in and rather than in the traditional approach favoured by the Academy. Hosted by and his wife , they were soon joined by , and. All participated in painting the natural surroundings and local people. Similar trends developed on Funen with the who included , and , and on the island of Bornholm with the including , and. Painting has continued to be a prominent form of artistic expression in Danish culture, inspired by and also influencing major international trends in this area. These include and the modernist styles of , and. While international co-operation and activity has almost always been essential to the Danish artistic community, influential art collectives with a firm Danish base includes 1909—1912 , 1930s and 1940s , 1948—51 , 1960s and 1970s , 1980s and more recently founded in 1993. Most Danish painters of modern times have also been very active with other forms of artistic expressions, such as sculpting, ceramics, art installations, activism, film and experimental architecture. Notable Danish painters from modern times representing various include 1840—1920, impressionism and naturalism , 1899—1985, expressionism , 1899—1986, Neue Sachlichkeit, cubism, surrealism and others , 1907—1993, naivism , 1912—1993, abstract painting , 1913—2007, abstract painting , 1914—1973, Situationist, abstract painting , 1918—2006, art deco, orientalism , b. Danish photography has developed from strong participation and interest in the very beginnings of the in 1839 to the success of a considerable number of Danes in the world of photography today. Pioneers such as and paved the way for a rapidly growing profession during the last half of the 19th century. Today Danish photographers such as and are active both at home and abroad, participating in key exhibitions around the world. Cuisine Smørrebrød — a variety of Danish open sandwiches piled high with delicacies The traditional of Denmark, like that of the other Nordic countries and of , consists mainly of meat, fish and potatoes. Danish dishes are highly seasonal, stemming from the country's agricultural past, its geography, and its climate of long, cold winters. The open sandwiches on rye bread, known as , which in their basic form are the usual fare for lunch, can be considered a national speciality when prepared and decorated with a variety of fine ingredients. Hot meals traditionally consist of , such as meat balls of veal and pork and hakkebøf minced beef patties , or of more substantial meat and fish dishes such as roast pork with crackling and kogt torsk poached cod with mustard sauce and trimmings. Denmark is known for its and beers and for its and. Since around 1970, chefs and restaurants across Denmark have introduced cooking, largely influenced by. Also inspired by continental practices, Danish chefs have recently developed a new innovative cuisine and a series of gourmet dishes based on high-quality local produce known as. As a result of these developments, Denmark now have a considerable number of internationally acclaimed restaurants of which several have been awarded. This includes and in Copenhagen. Sports , named the best Danish football player of all time by the Danish Football Association Sports are popular in Denmark, and its citizens participate in and watch a wide variety. The is , with over 320,000 players in more than 1600. Denmark qualified six times consecutively for the between 1984 and 2004, and were crowned European champions in ; other significant achievements include winning the Confederations Cup in 1995 and reaching the quarter-final of the 1998 World Cup. There is much focus on , too. The celebrated great successes during the 1990s. On the , Denmark has won eight medals—two gold in 2008 and 2012 , three silver in 2011, 2013 and 2014 and three bronze in 2002, 2004 and 2006 —the most that have been won by any team in history. In recent years, Denmark has made a mark as a strong nation, with reaching status in the in 2005 and 2006. Other popular sports include golf—which is mostly popular among those in the older demographic; —in which Denmark is successful on a professional level; —Denmark joined the international governing body in 1951; rugby—the dates back to 1950; — often competing in the top division in the Men's World Championships; rowing—Denmark specialise in lightweight rowing and are particularly known for their lightweight coxless four, having won six gold and two silver World Championship medals and three gold and two bronze medals; and several indoor sports—especially , and gymnastics, in each of which Denmark holds World Championships and. Denmark's numerous beaches and resorts are popular locations for fishing, canoeing, kayaking, and many other water-themed sports. Greenlandic is the sole official language in Greenland. German is recognised as a protected minority language in the South Jutland area of Denmark. Greenland also gained autonomy on 1 May 1979. For data relevant to and the see their respective articles. Greenland and the Faroe Islands have their own TLDs. Changes to it require an absolute majority in two consecutive parliamentary terms and the approval of at least 40% of the electorate through a referendum. In light of the restriction of powers of the monarchy, this is best interpreted as referring to the government Cabinet. Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom exceeded the United Nations' ODA target of 0. Retrieved 18 May 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2017. United Nations Development Programme. 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